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William Walker Christie
M.B.E., B.Sc., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.S.C., C. Chem.
Bill Christie was formerly Head of the Chemistry Department/Phytochemistry
Unit at SCRI and on 'retirement' became a consultant and non-executive
chairman to the MRS Lipid Analysis Unit.
His main research interests involve structural analysis of lipids,
especially
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of fatty acids
- Chromatographic analysis of lipids (gas chromatography and
high-performance liquid chromatography)
- Stereospecific analysis of lipids
- Class separation of complex lipids
- Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
He was awarded an MBE in the 2000 New Year's Honours list and
has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Further information
Dr Christie is a graduate of the Chemistry Department of the
University of St Andrews in Scotland, where he also obtained his
Ph.D., under the supervision of Professor F.D. Gunstone, who is
also a consultant to the MRS Lipid Analysis Unit.
Dr Christie is probably best known for his work on developing
novel analytical methodology for lipids and his books are the
standard texts on the subject. For example:
- He has used picolinyl esters and dimethyloxazoline derivatives
extensively for the structural analysis of fatty acids, and
has mass spectra of more than 400 fatty acids on file.
- A special expertise has been developed for analysis of conjugated
linoleic acid (CLA).
- Silver ion chromatography was first adapted to high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) in his laboratory, and it was applied
to analysis of fatty acids (including trans isomers) and molecular
species of triacylglycerols.
- He was among the first to use evaporative-light scattering
detectors for lipid analysis, and have developed methodology
for separations of all the simple and complex lipids in a single
chromatographic run. This detector is also used in many other
applications including reversed-phase HPLC of fatty acid derivatives,
triacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols (derivatized) prepared
from glyco- and phospholipids.
- Novel methodology involving chiral chromatography was developed
for stereospecific analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols.
His second research interest is to apply this novel methodology
to problems of lipid chemistry, biochemistry and physiology in
plants and plant products. For example:
- He has characterized a large number of novel fatty acids in
seed oils of plant species, that may have nutritional or industrial
value, and which certainly pose important biosynthetic questions.
For example, arachidonic acid was recently found for the first
time in a seed oil.
- The structures of the cyclic fatty acids formed in heated
frying oils have been fully elucidated.
In addition, Dr Christie has received awards for presentation
of ‘outstanding’ papers at meetings of the American
Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), and in 1995 received the Herbert
J. Dutton Award of the AOCS ‘in recognition of his contribution
to analytical methodology in relation to oils, fats and lipids’.
He is to receive the Alton E. Bailey Award of the AOCS in 2004
'for exceptional service in the field of lipids and associated
products'. He is a member of the editorial advisory boards of
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, Lipids, Lipid Technology, European
Journal of Lipid Science and Technology and Gracas y Aceitas,
and was the founder of the Oily Press Ltd.
Selected Publications
A full publication list contains details of nearly 400 items (masochists
who would like to view it as an ADOBETM PDF file can do so by
clicking here). The first major item is a book, "Lipid Analysis"
(Pergamon Press), published first in 1973, before it was extensively
rewritten and a second edition published in 1982. More than 6000
copies have been sold and it is the standard work in its field.
The third edition is now available. A further book on "High-Performance
Liquid Chromatography and Lipids" was published in 1987 and
a companion volume on "Gas Chromatography and Lipids"
appeared in 1989 (from The Oily Press). In addition, 35 major
review articles, 175 refereed papers and many other articles have
been published or are in press. The list of publications shown
here has been selected to show the range of Dr Christie’s
research interests, as far as possible including more recent papers.
A number of his original articles are now available online in
our Lipid Library
Books
- Lipid Analysis - third edition. Christie, W.W. The Oily Press,
Bridgwater (2003).
- Trans Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition. Sébédio,
J.L. and Christie, W.W. (editors), The Oily Press, Dundee, 320
pages (1998).
- Advances in Lipid Methodology — One to Four. Christie,
W.W. (editor) The Oily Press, Ayr/Dundee. (1992 to 1997).
- Gas Chromatography and Lipids: a Practical Guide. Christie,
W.W. The Oily Press, Ayr., 307 pages, 1014 references (1989).
- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Lipids: a Practical
Guide. Christie, W.W. Pergamon Books, Oxford. 272 pages, 916
references (1987).
- Lipid Analysis. Christie, W.W. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 325
pages, 612 references (1973). (Second revised edition) 207 pages,
874 references (1982).
Refereed Papers
- Christie, W.W. Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid - an
overview. In: Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research,
Volume 2., pp. 1-12 (2003) (edited by J.L. Sebedio, W.W. Christie
& R.O. Adlof, AOCS Press, Champaign, IL.).
Nikolova-Damyanova,B., Dobson,G., Momchilova,S. and Christie,W.W.
Cyclohexanediol fatty acid diesters as model compounds for mechanistic
studies in silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography.
J. Liquid. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol., 26, 1905-1912 (2003).- Tsevegsuren,N., Fujimoto,K., Christie,W.W. and Endo,Y. Occurrence
of a novel cis, cis, cis-octadeca-3,9,12-trienoic (Z,Z,Z-octadeca-3,9,12-trienoic)
acid in Chrysanthemum (Tanacetum) zawadskii Herb. (Compositae)
seed oil. Lipids, 38, 573-578 (2003).
- Nechev,J., Christie,W.W., Robaina,R., de Diego,F.M., Ivanova,A.,
Popov,S. and Stefanov,K. Chemical composition of the sponge
Chondrosia reniformis from the Canary Islands. Hydrobiologia,
489, 91-98 (2002).
- Christie, W.W. Solid-phase extraction columns in the analysis
of lipids. Lipid Technology, 15, 16-19 (2003).
- Damyanova,B., Momtchilova,S., Bakalova,S., Zuilhof,H., Christie,W.W.
and Kaneti,J. Computational probes into the conceptual basis
of silver ion chromatography: I. Silver(I) ion complexes of
unsaturated fatty acids and esters. J. Mol. Structure - THEOCHEM.,
589-590, 239-249 (2002).
- Horrobin, D.F., Jenkins, K., Bennett, C.N. and Christie,
W.W. Eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid: collaboration
and not antagonism is the key to biological understanding. Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids, 66, 83-90 (2002).
- Wolff,R.L. and Christie,W.W. Structures, practical sources
(gymnosperm seeds), gas-liquid chromatographic data (equivalent
chain lengths), and mass spectrometric characteristics of all-cis
5-olefinic acids. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 104, 234-244
(2002).
- Christie,W.W. Unusual gas chromatographic properties of fatty
acid pyrrolidides. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 104, 69-70 (2002).
- Dobson,G. and Christie,W.W. Mass spectrometry of fatty acid
derivatives. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 104, 36-43 (2002).
- Wolff, R.L., Christie, W.W., Aitzetmüller, K., Pasquier,
E., Pédrono, F., Destaillats, F. and Marpeau, A.M. Arachidonic
and eicosapentaenoic acids in Araucariaceae, a unique feature
among seed plants. Oléagineaux, Corps gras Lipides, 7,
113-117 (2000).
- Nikolova-Damyanova, B., Momchilova, S. and Christie,W.W.
Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatographic separation
of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, and other fatty acids,
after conversion to p-methoxyphenacyl derivatives. J. High Resol.
Chromatogr., 23, 348-352 (2000).
- Christie, W.W., Robertson, G.W., McRoberts, W.C. and Hamilton,
J.T.G. Mass spectrometry of the 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives
of isomeric octadecenoates (monoenes). Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.,
102, 23-29 (2000).
- Hamilton, J.T.G. and Christie, W.W. Mechanisms for ion formation
during the electron impact-mass spectrometry of picolinyl ester
and 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives of fatty acids. Chem.
Phys. Lipids, 105, 93-104 (2000).
- Sebedio, J.L., Vermunt, S.H.F., Chardigny, J.M., Beaufrere,
B., Mensink, R.P., Armstrong, R.A., Christie, W.W., Niemela,
J., Henon, G. and Riemersma, R.A. The effect of dietary trans
alpha-linolenic acid on plasma lipids and platelet fatty acid
composition: the TransLinE study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 54, 104-113
(2000).
- Wolff,R.L., Christie, W.W., Pédrono, F. and Marpeau,
A.M. Arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and biosynthetically related
fatty acids in the seed lipids from a primitive Gymnosperm,
Agathis robusta. Lipids, 34, 183-1097 (1999).
- Christie, W.W. (1998) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
methods for structural analysis of fatty acids. Lipids, 33,
343-353
- Christie, W.W., Hamilton, J.T.G. and Harper, D.B. (1998)
Mass spectrometry of fluorinated fatty acids in the seed oil
of Dichapetalum toxicarium. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 97, 41-47.
- Tsevegsuren, N., Christie, W.W. and Lösel, D. (1998)
Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) corymbosum seed oil - a rich source
of a novel conjugated acetylenic acid. Lipids, 33, 723-727.
- Christie, W.W. (1998) Mass spectrometry of fatty acids with
methylene-interrupted ene-yne systems. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 94,
35-41.
- Christie, W.W., Gill, S., Nordbäck, J., Itabashi, Y.,
Sanda, S. and Slabas, A.R. (1998) New procedures for rapid screening
of leaf lipid components from Arabidopsis. Phytochemical Anal.,
9, 53-57.
- Sayanova, O., Smith, M.A., Lapinskas, P., Stobart, A.K.,
Dobson, G., Christie, W.W., Shewry, P.R. and Napier, J.A. (1997)
Expression of a borage desaturase cDNA containing an N-terminal
cytochrome b5 domain results in the accumulation of high levels
of D 6-desaturated fatty acids in transgenic tobacco. Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 4211-4216.
- Berdeaux, O., Christie, W.W., Gunstone, F.D. and Sébédio,
J.L. (1997) Large-scale synthesis of methyl cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoate
from methyl ricinoleate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 1011-1015.
- Sébédio, J.L., Juanéda, P., Dobson,
G., Ramilison, I., Martin, J.C., Chardigny, J.M. and Christie,
W.W. (1997) Metabolites of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid
(CLA) in the rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1345, 5-10.
- Joh, Y.-G., Elenkov, I.J., Stefanov, K.L., Popov, S.S., Dobson,
G. and Christie, W.W. (1997) Novel di-, tri- and tetraenoic
fatty acids with bis-methylene-interrupted double bond systems
from the sponge Haliclona cinerea. Lipids, 32, 13-17.
- Nikolova-Damyanova, B., Christie, W.W. and Herslöf,
B.G. (1996) Mechanistic aspects of fatty acid retention in silver
ion chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 749, 47-54.
- Brough, C.L., Coventry, J.M., Christie, W.W., Kroon, J.T.M.,
Brown, A.P., Barsby, T.L. and Slabas, A.R. (1996) Towards the
genetic engineering of triacylglycerols of defined fatty acid
composition: major changes in erucic acid content at the sn-2
position affected by the introduction of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate
acyl-transferase from Limnanthes douglasii into oil seed rape.
Molecular Breeding, 2, 133-142.
- Hierro, M.T.G., Robertson, G.W., Christie, W.W. and Joh,
Y.-G. (1996). The fatty acid composition of the seeds of Ginkgo
biloba. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 73, 575-579.
- Dobson, G., Christie, W.W. and Sébédio, J.L.
(1996) Gas chromatographic retention properties of cyclic dienoic
fatty acids formed in heated linseed oil. J. Chromatogr. A,
723, 349-354
- Dobson, G., Christie, W.W., Brechany, E.Y., Sébédio,
J.L. and Le Quéré, J.L. (1995) Silver ion chromatography
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the structural analysis
of cyclic dienoic acids formed in frying oils. Chem. Phys. Lipids,
75, 171-182.
- Nikolova-Damyanova, B., Christie, W.W. and Herslöf,
B.G. (1995) Retention properties of triacylglycerols on silver
ion high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A,
694, 375-380.
- Christie, W.W. and Urwin, R.A. (1995) Separation of lipid
classes from plant tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography
on chemically bonded stationary phases. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr.,
18, 97-100.
- Christie, W.W., Brechany, E.Y., Sébédio, J.L.
and Le Quéré, J.L. (1993). Silver ion chromatography
and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the structural analysis
of cyclic monoenoic acids formed in frying oils. Chem. Phys.
Lipids, 66, 143-153.
- Toschi, T.G., Capella, P., Holt, C. and Christie, W.W. (1993)
A comparison of silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography
and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the determination
of trans double bonds in unsaturated fats and oils. J. Sci.
Food Agric., 61, 261-266.
- Nikolova-Damyanova, B., Herslof, B. and Christie, W.W. (1992)
Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography of isomeric
fatty acids. J. Chromatogr., 609, 133-140.
- Santinelli, F., Damiani, P. and Christie, W.W. (1992) The
triacylglycerol structure of olive oil determined by silver
ion high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with
stereospecific analysis. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 552-556.
- Christie, W.W., Nikolova-Damyanova, B., Laakso, P. and Herslof,
B. (1991) Stereospecific analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols via
resolution of diastereomeric diacylglycerol derivatives by HPLC
on silica. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 68, 695-701.
- Laakso, P. and Christie, W.W. (1991) Combination of silver
ion and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
in the fractionation of herring oil triacylglycerols. J. Am.
Oil Chem. Soc., 68, 213-223.
- Adkisson, H.D., Risener, F.S., Zarrinkar, P.P., Walla, M.D.,
Christie, W.W. and Wuthier, R.E. (1991) Unique fatty acid composition
of normal cartilage - discovery of high levels of n-9 eicosatrienoic
acid and low levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. FASEB
J., 5, 344-353.
- Christie, W.W. (1990) Silver ion chromatography of triacylglycerols
on solid-phase extraction columns packed with a bonded-sulphonic
acid phase. J. Sci. Food Agric., 52, 573-577.
- Laakso P. and Christie, W.W. (1990) Chromatographic resolution
of chiral diacylglycerol derivatives: potential in the stereospecific
analysis of triacyl-sn-glycerols. Lipids, 25, 349-353.
- Laakso P., Christie, W.W. and Pettersen, J. (1990) Analysis
of North Atlantic and Baltic fish oils by high-performance liquid
chromatography with a silver ion column. Lipids, 25, 284-291.
- Christie, W.W. (1989) Silver ion chromatography using solid-phase
extraction columns packed with a bonded-sulphonic acid phase.
J. Lipid Res., 30, 1471-1473.
- Christie, W.W. and Breckenridge, G.McG. (1989) Separation
of cis and trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids by high-performance
liquid chromatography in the silver ion mode. J. Chromatogr.,
469, 261-269.
- Christie, W.W. (1988) Separation of molecular species of
triacylglycerols by high-performance liquid chromatography with
a silver ion column. J. Chromatogr., 454, 273-284.
- Christie, W.W., Brechany, E.Y. and Stefanov, K. (1988) Silver
ion high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry in the analysis of complex fatty acid mixtures:
application to marine invertebrates. Chem. Phys. Lipids, 46,
127-135.
- Christie, W.W., Brechany, E.Y. and Holman, R.T. (1987) Mass
spectra of the picolinyl esters of isomeric mono- and dienoic
fatty acids. Lipids, 22, 224-228 .
- Christie, W.W. and Stefanov, K. (1987) Separation of picolinyl
ester derivatives of fatty acids by high-performance liquid
chromatography for identification by mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr.,
392, 259-265.
- Christie, W.W. (1987) A stable silver-loaded column for the
separation of lipids by high-performance liquid chromatography.
J. High Res. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 10, 148-150.
- Christie, W.W., Brechany, E.Y., Johnson, S.B. and Holman,
R.T. (1986) A comparison of pyrrolidide and picolinyl ester
derivatives for the identification of fatty acids in natural
samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Lipids, 21,
657-661.
- Christie, W.W. (1986) Separation of lipid classes by high-performance
liquid chromatography with the "mass detector". J.
Chromatogr., 361, 396-399.
- Christie, W.W. (1985) Rapid separation and quantification
of lipid classes by high-performance liquid chromatography and
mass (light-scattering) detection. J. Lipid Res., 26, 507-512.
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